research overview
- Dr. Byrnes' research examines the physiological adaptations associated with acute and chronic physical activity with an emphasis on how these adaptations optimize health and athletic performance.
- Contact Info
Byrnes, William Assoc Professor Emerita/Emeritus
Positions
- Assoc Professor Emerita/Emeritus, Integrative Physiology
Research Areas
Research
keywords
- exercise induced muscle injury, energetics of physical activity, physiological adaptations to moderate altitude, physiological factors determining optimal performance & health
Publications
selected publications
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chapter
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conference proceeding
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A Comparison of Physical Activity Behaviors and Sleep in Female NCAA Division-I Athletes versus Controls.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
651-651.
2019
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Comparing Total Hemoglobin Mass Between Selected NCAA Division I Athletes And Recreationally Active Students.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
31-31.
2019
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Effects of Chronic Continuous Exposure to Low Dose Carbon Monoxide on Hemoglobin Mass and Performance.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
404-404.
2019
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Relationship Between Hepcidin, Interluken-6, And Ferritin In Division-I Cross-country Runners Over A Competitive Season.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
25-25.
2019
- Cardiometabolic Effects of a Randomized Workplace Cycling Intervention. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 52-52. 2018
- Reproducibility Of Free-living Physical Activity/sedentary Behaviors In College Undergraduates. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 713-713. 2018
- Road Bicycle Saddle Shape Preference and its Potential Determinants. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 746-747. 2018
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CHANGES IN DISTAL TO PROXIMAL SKIN TEMPERATURE GRADIENT DURING 4 DAYS OF SIMULATED MICRO-GRAVITY.
Sleep.
A35-A35.
2017
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SLEEP HEALTH OF DIVISION 1 COLLEGIATE VARSITY ATHLETES AND IMPACT OF TRAVEL FOR COMPETITION.
Sleep.
A293-A293.
2017
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Breathing Valve Resistance Alters Physiological Responses During a Graded Exercise Test.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
750-750.
2017
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Does Arterial Oxygen Saturation Influence the Relationship Between Hemoglobin Mass and VO2peak at Moderate Altitude?.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
302-302.
2017
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Does Arterial Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Influence the Hemoglobin Mass-VO2Peak Relationship in Endurance Athletes at Moderate Altitude?.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
247-247.
2017
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Effect Of Low Dose Cobalt Administration On Erythropoiesis.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
941-941.
2017
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Hematological Changes in Elite Collegiate Cross Country Runners Residing at Moderate Altitude: A Retrospective Analysis.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
187-187.
2017
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Prior Supramaximal Cycling Transiently Increases Submaximal Cycling Energetics in Cyclists and Non-cyclists.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
635-635.
2017
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Commuting with Electric Assist Bicycles as a Means to Improve Cardiometabolic Risk Factors.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
611-611.
2016
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Four-day Head-down Tilt Bed Rest as a Model for Studying Rapid Alterations in Hemoglobin Mass.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
577-577.
2016
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Increased Extracellular Matrix Degradation Following Eccentric Versus Concentric Muscle Actions in Humans.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
899-899.
2016
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The Effects of Cooling during Constant Power Non-steady State Cycling in Endurance Trained Athletes.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
564-564.
2016
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Acute, Low-dose CO Inhalation does not Alter Energy Expenditure during Submaximal Exercise.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
19-24.
2016
- Does Arterial Oxyhemoglobin Saturation Influence the Hemoglobin Mass-VO2Peak Relationship in Endurance Athletes at Moderate Altitude?. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 247-247. 2015
- Hematological Changes in Elite Collegiate Cross Country Runners Residing at Moderate Altitude: A Retrospective Analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 187-187. 2015
- Decreased Arterial PO2, not O-2 Content, Increases Blood Flow Through Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses at Rest. The FASEB Journal. 2015
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Acute, Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Inhalation Does Not Alter Energy Expenditure during Graded Submaximal Exercise.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
570-571.
2014
- AltitudeOmics: hemoglobin mass and blood volume changes during early acclimatization to and de-acclimatization from 5260m. The FASEB Journal. 2014
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Passive Cycling as a Physical Inactivity Countermeasure.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
274-274.
2014
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The Influence of Individual Power-specific Gross Efficiency on Estimating Energy Expenditure from Power.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
571-571.
2014
- Alterations In The VO2-power Relationship Above The Lactate Threshold During A Graded Bicycling Exercise Protocol. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 131-131. 2013
- How Physiology Students Value and Use Learning Goals. The FASEB Journal. 2011
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STRENGTH TRAINING DOES NOT IMPROVE THE STEADINESS OF MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS IN THE KNEE EXTENSORS OF OLDER ADULTS.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
S254-S254.
2001
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THE EFFECTS OF VOLUNTARY WHIRL RUNNING IN MYHC-IIB NULL MICE.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
S268-S268.
2001
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A Comparison of Physical Activity Behaviors and Sleep in Female NCAA Division-I Athletes versus Controls.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
651-651.
2019
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journal article
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Intermittent low dose carbon monoxide inhalation does not influence glucose regulation in overweight adults: a randomized controlled crossover trial.
Experimental Physiology.
460-467.
2020
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A Retrospective Analysis of Collegiate Athlete Blood Biomarkers at Moderate Altitude.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
2913-2919.
2019
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Cardiometabolic Effects of a Workplace Cycling Intervention.
Journal of Physical Activity and Health.
547-555.
2019
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Erythropoietic effects of low-dose cobalt application.
Drug Testing and Analysis.
200-207.
2019
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Effects of 3 Weeks of Oral Low-Dose Cobalt on Hemoglobin Mass and Aerobic Performance.
Frontiers in Physiology.
2018
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Breathing valve resistance alters physiological responses during a graded exercise test.
European Journal of Applied Physiology.
1921-1929.
2018
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Last Word on Viewpoint: Use aerobic energy expenditure instead of oxygen uptake to quantify exercise intensity and predict endurance performance.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
675-675.
2018
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Use aerobic energy expenditure instead of oxygen uptake to quantify exercise intensity and predict endurance performance.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
672-674.
2018
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The Influence of Oxygen Saturation on the Relationship Between Hemoglobin Mass and VO 2 max..
SMIO / Sports Medicine International Open.
E98-E104.
2018
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Calculating metabolic energy expenditure across a wide range of exercise intensities: the equation matters.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism.
639-642.
2018
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Does Metabolic Rate Increase Linearly with Running Speed in all Distance Runners?.
SMIO / Sports Medicine International Open.
E1-E8.
2018
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Beneficial Effects of Cooling during Constant Power Non-steady State Cycling.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
141-149.
2017
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Estimating Energy Expenditure using Individualized, Power-Specific Gross Efficiencies.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
1129-1135.
2016
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Ten Days of Intermittent, Low-dose Carbon Monoxide Inhalation does not Significantly Alter Hemoglobin Mass, Aerobic Performance Predictors, or Peak-power Exercise Tolerance.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
884-889.
2016
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Decreased arterial P-O2, not O-2 content, increases blood flow through intrapulmonary arteriovenous anastomoses at rest.
The Journal of Physiology.
4981-4996.
2016
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Motor-Driven (Passive) Cycling: A Potential Physical Inactivity Countermeasure?.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
1821-1828.
2016
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Pedelecs as a physically active transportation mode.
European Journal of Applied Physiology.
1565-1573.
2016
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Haemoglobin mass alterations in healthy humans following four-day head-down tilt bed rest.
Experimental Physiology.
628-640.
2016
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Acute, Low-dose CO Inhalation does not Alter Energy Expenditure during Submaximal Exercise.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
19-24.
2016
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REVISITING THE FORCE-JOINT ANGLE RELATIONSHIP AFTER ECCENTRIC EXERCISE.
Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.
3284-3291.
2015
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Field-measured drag area is a key correlate of level cycling time trial performance.
PeerJ.
2015
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AltitudeOmics: Rapid Hemoglobin Mass Alterations with Early Acclimatization to and De-Acclimatization from 5260 m in Healthy Humans.
PLoS One.
2014
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Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Response to Downhill Running in Humans.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
363-370.
2014
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Exercise efficiency of low power output cycling.
Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports.
713-721.
2013
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Factors affecting the increased energy expenditure during passive cycling.
European Journal of Applied Physiology.
3341-3348.
2012
- Energy Expenditure During Passive Cycling: The Effects of Leg Mass, Cadence, and Adaptation. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 602-602. 2012
- Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 is Unchanged Following Downhill Running in Concentrically-trained Individuals. Journal of General Internal Medicine. 372-372. 2012
- Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is Increased Following Downhill Running in Sedentary Individuals. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 695-695. 2012
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Influence of carbon monoxide leaks on the measurement error of total haemoglobin mass.
Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation.
523-528.
2011
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Plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 response to eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors.
European Journal of Applied Physiology.
1795-1805.
2011
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Comparison of Male and Female Road Cyclists under Identical Stage Race Conditions.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
846-852.
2011
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Energy Expenditure During Passive Cycling: The Effects of Leg Mass, Cadence, and Adaptation.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
602-602.
2011
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Measuring Changes in Aerodynamic/Rolling Resistances by Cycle-Mounted Power Meters.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
853-860.
2011
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Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 is Unchanged Following Downhill Running in Concentrically-trained Individuals.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
372-372.
2011
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Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Deficiency Results in Decreased Fiber Cross-Sectional Area and Alters Fiber Type Distribution in Mouse Hindlimb Skeletal Muscle.
Cells, Tissues, Organs: in vivo, in vitro.
510-520.
2011
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Comparison of Male and Female Road Cyclists Under Identical Stage Race Conditions..
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
2010
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Hematological and Physiological Adaptations Following 46 Weeks of Moderate Altitude Residence.
High Altitude Medicine and Biology.
199-208.
2010
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Hematological Acclimatization and De-acclimatization of Former Sea Level Residents Exposed Chronically (46wks) to Moderate Altitude.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
142-143.
2010
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Stability of Hemoglobin Mass at Moderate Altitude in Acclimatized USAFA Cadets.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
142-142.
2010
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Accuracy of Optimized Branched Algorithms to Assess Activity-Specific Physical Activity Energy Expenditure.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
672-682.
2010
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Chronic Hematological and Physiological Adaptations following 48 weeks of Moderate Altitude Residence.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
S51-S51.
2008
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Plasma volume during weight lifting.
International Journal of Sports Medicine.
89-95.
2008
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GXT responses in altitude-acclimatized cyclists during sea-level simulation.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
1727-1735.
2007
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Physical fitness and Hematological changes during acclimatization to moderate altitude: A retrospective study.
High Altitude Medicine and Biology.
213-224.
2007
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Aerodynamic characteristics as determinants of the drafting effect in cycling.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
170-176.
2007
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Drag Area as a Determinant of the Magnitude of the Drafting Effect in Road Cycling.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
S181-S181.
2006
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Frontal Surface Area Versus Drag Area in Predicting Level Cycling Time Trial Performance.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
S86-S86.
2005
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Predicting Time Trial Performance Using Field Measures Of The Bicycle-rider Aerodynamic Drag.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
S408-S408.
2005
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Strength training reduces force fluctuations during anisometric contractions of the quadriceps femoris muscles in old adults.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
1530-1540.
2004
- Prediction of indoor climbing performance in women rock climbers. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 77-83. 2004
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Skeletal muscle adaptations in response to voluntary wheel running in myosin heavy chain null mice.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
313-322.
2002
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Cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptations to voluntary wheel running in the mouse.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
1900-1908.
2001
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Mutation of the IIB myosin heavy chain gene results in muscle fiber loss and compensatory hypertrophy.
American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology.
C637-C645.
2001
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Commercial porters of eastern Nepal: Health status, physical work capacity, and energy expenditure.
American Journal of Human Biology.
44-56.
2001
- Treatment of exercise-induced muscle injury via hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 36-42. 2001
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Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism.
96-107.
1999
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Bone mineral density and body composition of the United States Olympic women's field hockey team.
British Journal of Sports Medicine.
315-318.
1998
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Sample size required for the accurate determination of fiber area and capillarity of human skeletal muscle.
Applied Physiology, Nutrition and Metabolism.
594-599.
1998
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Myosin heavy chains IIa and IId are functionally distinct in the mouse.
The Journal of Cell Biology.
943-953.
1998
- Work capacity, health, and nutritional status of Nepali porters.. American Journal of Human Biology. 130-130. 1998
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Energy expenditure estimates of the Caltrac accelerometer for running, race walking, and stepping.
British Journal of Sports Medicine.
235-239.
1997
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Muscle fiber hypertrophy: Hyperplasia, and capillary density in college men after resistance training.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
2004-2012.
1996
- ALTERATIONS IN OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION DURING AND BETWEEN BOUTS OF LEVEL AND DOWNHILL RUNNING. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1144-1152. 1994
- WALKING AND RUNNING ENERGY-EXPENDITURE ESTIMATED BY CALTRAC AND INDIRECT CALORIMETRY. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 1365-1369. 1993
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FACTORS INFLUENCING EXCESS POSTEXERCISE OXYGEN-CONSUMPTION IN TRAINED AND UNTRAINED WOMEN.
Metabolism: clinical and experimental.
822-828.
1993
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A COMPARISON OF THE OXYGEN DRIFT IN DOWNHILL VS LEVEL RUNNING.
Journal of Applied Physiology.
796-800.
1992
- Atypical, nonfatal, transfusion-associated, acute graft-versus-host disease in a patient with Hodgkin's disease.. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 261-262. 1992
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A COMPARISON OF SKELETAL-MUSCLE MORPHOLOGY WITH TRAINING BETWEEN YOUNG AND OLD FISCHER-344 RATS.
Mechanisms of Ageing and Development.
21-35.
1991
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CROSS-SECTIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PROFILING OF MODERN DANCERS.
Dance Research Journal.
13-20.
1990
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ENDURANCE TRAINING FOR ELDERLY WOMEN - MODERATE VS LOW INTENSITY.
Journal of Gerontology.
M184-M188.
1989
- Inhibition of adsorptive endocytosis and transcytosis in pulmonary microvessels.. Laboratory Investigation. 683-691. 1988
- Creatine kinase and muscle soreness after repeated isometric exercise.. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 242-248. 1988
- Adaptation to exercise-induced muscle damage.. Clinical Science. 383-386. 1987
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EXERCISE AND SERUM ANDROGENS IN WOMEN.
The Physician and Sportsmedicine.
87-&.
1987
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Creatine kinase isoforms following isometric exercise..
Muscle and Nerve.
41-44.
1987
- THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF VO2MAX, VENTILATORY, AND LACTATE THRESHOLDS IN ELDERLY WOMEN. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 425-430. 1986
- DELAYED ONSET MUSCLE SORENESS AND TRAINING. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 605-614. 1986
- Muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase activity following isometric, eccentric, and concentric exercise.. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 152-155. 1986
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Levels of serum creatine kinase and myoglobin in women after two isometric exercise conditions..
European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology.
330-333.
1986
- Delayed onset muscle soreness following repeated bouts of downhill running.. Journal of Applied Physiology. 710-715. 1985
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Muscle Soreness Following Resistance Exercise With and Without Eccentric Contractions.
Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport.
283-285.
1985
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Serum creatine kinase activity following forearm flexion isometric exercise..
European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology.
368-371.
1985
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THE APPLICABILITY OF AN ENERGY-EXPENDITURE PREDICTION FORMULA ABOVE AND BELOW THE ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD IN MALES AND FEMALES.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
237-237.
1985
- Submaximal exercise quantified as percent of normoxic and hyperoxic maximum oxygen uptakes.. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 572-577. 1984
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MODIFICATION OF TYPE-II FIBER ATROPHY AND LDH ISOZYMES CONSEQUENT OF AN 8 WEEK ENDURANCE TRAINING-PROGRAM IN ELDERLY WOMEN.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
105-105.
1984
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THE EFFECT OF 2 TRAINING INTENSITIES ON THE AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC RESPONSES OF ELDERLY WOMEN TO MAXIMAL EFFORT TESTS.
Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise.
104-104.
1984
- THE REPRODUCIBILITY OF VO2MAX AND ANAEROBIC THRESHOLD DETERMINATIONS IN ELDERLY WOMEN. Gerontologist. 91-92. 1983
- Effect of hyperoxia on oxygen consumption in exercising ponies.. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1115-1118. 1979
- Relationship between running performance and predicted maximun oxygen uptake among divergent ability groups.. Research quarterly. 9-15. 1974
- Measures of max VO2 and their relationship to running performance among three subject groups.. American corrective therapy journal. 145-150. 1974
- Tendon repairs with nylon and a modified pullout technique.. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 32-35. 1971
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Intermittent low dose carbon monoxide inhalation does not influence glucose regulation in overweight adults: a randomized controlled crossover trial.
Experimental Physiology.
460-467.
2020
Teaching
courses taught
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IPHY 3480 - Human Physiology 2
Primary Instructor - Fall 2018
Focuses on the physiology of the respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, digestive and reproductive systems. The second semester of a two-semester sequence for IPHY and NRSC majors. Department enforced prerequisites: one year of general biology (lecture + lab) and one year of general chemistry (lecture + lab); IPHY 3410. Recommended prerequisite: IPHY 3415, and recommended corequisite: IPHY 3435. -
IPHY 4650 - Exercise Physiology
Primary Instructor - Fall 2018 / Fall 2019
Examines physiological and biochemical adjustments that occur in the body with acute and chronic exercise. Topics center on physiological mechanisms pertaining to metabolic, cardiovascular, and hormonal alterations, the role of exercise in health and disease, soreness and fatigue, immune function, as well as exercise during varied environmental conditions. -
IPHY 4930 - Internship
Primary Instructor - Spring 2019
Provides an opportunity for field/laboratory work in a variety of different settings. Consult with faculty for approval. May be repeated up to 6 total credit hours. Department enforced prerequisite: completion of at least two of the major core classes. -
IPHY 6950 - Master's Thesis
Primary Instructor - Fall 2020 / Spring 2021
Must have 4 credit hours and may be repeated up to 6 total credits.
Background
education and training
- Ph.D., University of Wisconsin-Madison 1978
- M.A., Appalachian State University 1973
- B.A., Manhattan College 1972
International Activities
global connections related to teaching and scholarly work (in recent years)
- Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Country
- Europe Continent
- Germany Country
- western Europe Transnational Region